Distinguished & Award Winning Global Publisher in 4. The Role of Theology. By John Jefferson Davis, Ph. D. I haven't thought much about 'theology' since I left seminary. I'm too busy preparing sermons, attending committee meetings, and dealing with conflicts and problems in my church to give much attention to theology. Who came up with the idea that pastors are supposed to excel in every area of life and ministry? This is an unrealistic and unhealthy goal. Healthy pastors identify. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Return to religion-online. A Pro-Lifer’s Critique of Bush by Glen H. Glen Stassen gives a scathing critique of the Bush administration concerning. 9781741920277 1741920272 Disney Princess - Deluxe Activity Pack 090431606926 0090431606926 Spotlite on Old Town Records 1, Various Artists, Collectables Records. The Role of Theology. By John Jefferson Davis, Ph.D. Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. The official website of the Coptic Church in the UK. Includes articles, contact details and details of its activities and places of worship. The backbones in our bodies, like the foundations and electrical and plumbing systems in our homes, are usually taken for granted, until something goes wrong. Like a healthy backbone in a healthy human body, sound biblical theology can provide support, shape and stability to the Body of Christ. All four of these functions of theology in the early church are still vital for the ministry of the church today. In its catechetical function, theological instruction prepared converts for church membership and participation in the Eucharist, instructing them in basic Christian doctrine. This process of catechesis is often referred to as “discipleship” or “discipling” today. Converts were instructed in the “rule of faith,” a summary of Christian doctrine that formed the basis of the later Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds. If we want more evidence-based practice, we need more practice-based evidence.*. National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster is guilty of the same deceits, expediencies and tergiversations for which he sharply rebuked our military leadership during. If you are a teacher searching for educational material, please visit PBS LearningMedia for a wide range of free digital resources spanning preschool through 12th grade. Today, new converts and new church members still need to be catechized and instructed in the fundamentals of the faith. Books like John Stott’s Basic Christianity or R. C. Sproul’s Essential Truths of the Christian Faith can assist the pastor in this historic task. I Pet. 3: 1. 5, “Be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that is in you”). Early Christian apologists such as Aristides, Diognetus and Tertullian responded to misunderstandings and accusations from the pagans, and Justin Martyr responded to criticisms from the Jews of his day. Thomas Aquinas in his Summa contra Gentiles defended the Christian faith in the face of Muslim criticisms. In today’s religious climate of religious pluralism and the “new atheism,” the need for informed Christian apologetics remains as relevant as ever. Several generations of Christians have been helped by classics such as C. S. Lewis’ Mere Christianity and Miracles. Tim Keller’s The Reason for God provides cogent responses to many of the criticisms of the faith in our own day. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, in his massive Against Heresies (c. Gnosticism teachings which denied the goodness of the physical creation and placed the biblical story into an alien context of Gnostic cosmological speculation. In the modern period, orthodox theologians have labored to preserve the historic Christian faith from the attacks of Enlightenment biblical criticism, deistic denials of miracles, and Unitarian denials of the Trinity, original sin and substitutionary atonement. The Pauline admonitions to “watch your life and doctrine closely” (I Tim. Eph. 4: 1. 4) but to grow mature in the faith, are just as relevant as ever. I Tim. 4: 1. 3: “Until I come, devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, to preaching and teaching”). The church leader is to “hold firmly to the trustworthy message as it has been taught, so that he can encourage others by sound doctrine and refute those who oppose it” (Tit. This was precisely what the Gnostics in the early church failed to do, wrenching the biblical texts out of their biblical contexts and placing them in the context of an alien system of thought. Sound teachers in the early church such as Irenaeus, and effective preachers today such as John Stott, John Piper, John Mac. Arthur, Haddon Robinson, Timothy Keller, Gordon Hugenberger, Mark Dever and others have robust theologies that enable them to place the biblical text in its wider redemptive- historical context, and so preserve the distinctive Christian identity of the message. Vitality, Vision and Assessment. In addition to these historically recognized functions of theology in the life of the church, a sound biblical theology can provide vitality, vision and standards for assessment in the local congregation. Church history shows that a robust biblical theology can contribute to church growth and vitality. The opposite is also the case. Churches and denominations that tolerate doctrinal erosion tend to have tepid worship and declining memberships. During the decades between 1. PC(USA), the United Church of Christ, the Episcopal Church and the United Methodist Church lost, respectively, 4. Growing churches were generally those committed to an orthodox and biblical theology. The biblical metanarrative of creation, fall, redemption and new creation provides the theological framework and context for such a vision. Salvation itself is not only forgiveness of sins and hope of heaven in the future, but an experience beginning now of entering into the life of the Triune God. Because of Jesus’ incarnation, death, resurrection, ascension to the right hand of the Father and sending of the Holy Spirit, we—as adopted sons and daughters in Christ—can begin to experience the love of Jesus’ Father for his beloved Son, in the communion of the Holy Spirit, looking forward to its culmination and never- ending deepening in the presence of God in a gloriously beautiful New Creation (Rev. Such a theological vision can energize and unify a congregation, just as John F. Kennedy’s famous vision casting of May 1. Congress—“A man on the moon by the end of this decade”— energized NASA and the nation for the Apollo space mission. Are we as a people growing deeper and more mature in our relationships with Christ and one another? How effective are we in reaching out to others—in service and proclamation? Are we growing as a church that is ? Are we growing both in our obedience to the . As pastors, teachers and lay leaders, may we continue to “teach and admonish with all wisdom, so as to present everyone mature in Christ” (Col. Apostle Paul at the end of our ministries, “I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith” (II Tim. Lord to his beloved church. All rights reserved. Category List - -- Religion- Online. A Careful Read (Matt. Deanna Langle. These six verses are about listening and accountability - - and about a larger vision of God. Ronald Goetz. Like Christians of times past, we are inclined. Unless we live. in some Hitlerian society, there is bound to be real worth in the dominant. A Child Shall Lead Us (Is. Mk. 1. 0: 1. 5; Matt. Lamin Sanneh. Mindful of the ghosts of Herod’s excess, our business in this Advent season is to treat our own children as God’s gift to us, despite the overwhelming burdens and responsibilities of parenthood and child- rearing in our society. A Curious Man (John 3: 1- 1. Margaret B. Hess. How might your life be different if you were born again? How would you re- edit the narrative of your life? A Desert in Bloom (Is. James 5: 7- 1. 0; Matt. Ruth A. Meyers. The new life in the desert signals the presence and power of God. Water in abundance brings forth life, the barren desert blossoms with fragrant flowers. A Doubt and a Promise (Matt. Talitha Arnold. The author is pleased that doubting Thomas didn. Ps. 8: 6- 1. 1; John 1. Frederick Niedner. John. We will be great only by becoming others. Hawkins. Like all true poetry, the Psalms seem to be newly minted, disarming, to be an utterance that comes straight from the gut as well as from the heart. A Lot of Junk (Luke 1. Lawrence Wood. This story is not just about what we do personally; it has implications for what we do together. A New Moon Sensitivity (Amos 8: 4- 7, I timothy 2: 1- 8, Luke 1. Lamin Sanneh. For Amos the connection betwen . His words crackle with a telling contemporary ring. A Portrait of Shame (Genesis 3: 8- 1. Margaret B. Hess. Looking at Adam and Eve, I see a family resemblance: a picture of my own fear and shame. A Precarious Righteousness (Mark 7: 1- 9) by Ronald Goetz. By our very agreement with Jesus we stand accused despite our moments of righteous living. Given that we are rich when the world is poor, that we cling to our nuclear arms as if world extermination were a noble risk, destroy ancient forests, gouge the landscape, pollute the soil, water and air, that we copulate and abort with unrestrained abandon - - how then are we to interpret Jesus. Jennette F. Scholer. What it means to be an obedient servant of the Lord as in the example in which Mary asked a question of God’s angel in contrast to the way Zechariah asked one. A Questionable God (Exodus 3: 1- 1. Matthew 1. 6: 2. 1- 2. Romans 1. 2: 9- 2. William L. Hawkins. The move from Moses and YHWH in the Sinai to Jesus and Peter at Caesarea Philippi presents something of a role reversal. In Advent we are impelled to look beyond the first to the second coming, when God. Joanna Adams. It took more than a decapitation (of the head of John the Baptist) to stop the truth of God, more than a crucifixion to stop the Son of God, more than persecution to stop the mission of God. A Twofold Death and Resurrection (Jn. Fred B. Craddock. What is really going on here is not only a family crisis in Bethany but the crisis of the world, not only the raising of a dead man but the giving of life to the world. A Waiting Church (Isa. William Willimon. Lent. requires a severe discipline on the part of the church. It is the discipline of. Easter but knowing nobody gets in on Easter who was not. Good Friday. A Wandering Faith (Heb. Lawrence Wood. Our Western privilege is at odds with a faith that supposedly began in radical simplicity. Faith blooms in dispossession. When you don. 1: 4. Susan B. Johnson. Many of us find it hard to perceive the voice of the Lord. A Word of Encouragement (Heb. Peter J. Gomes. Perhaps in our public prayers we ought to make room for yet another category: . Dean Lueking. As essential as lively biblical, doctrinal and liturgical catechesis is the desire to connect with God and people in ways that have depth and can last. Abiding Love (John 1. John 5: 1- 6) by William Brosend. Jesus. It is about abiding. Acts 1: 1- 1. 1) by Lawrence Wood. Even as the ascension leaves us here, in the modern world, ascension points beyond it. Jesus may have risen, but in another sense he remains on the ground. Abundant Life (Prov. Heb. 1. 3: 1- 8,1. Lk. 1. 4: 1, 7- 1. Martha P. Sterne. After carefully watching guests do their subtle ballet of who should sit higher than whom, Jesus says, . Why don’t you try this? Head for the lowest seat available; then your host will say in front of everybody, . Eph. 5: 8- 1. 4; John 9: 1- 4. Richard Lischer. The author uses the story of the man born blind to show what difficulty religious people have in acknowledging the power of God. Advent Alchemy (Isaiah 6. I Corinthians 1: 3- 9, Mark 1. John Stendahl. We join Isaiah and Jesus and Paul and all the rest of them, longing for the heavens to open, for justice to come for the living and the dead., for mercy to make right this damned and beloved world. We will not choose indifference or resignation. Advent Preaching: Burden and Hope (Rom. Robert H. Herhold. The tension between our moment and the. For instance, when speaking. God’s handiwork and the idolatry of the. And those eschatological statements are. After Liberation, What? Delores S. Williams. Christians need to realize that the liberation struggle and a responsible love ethic must come together in our way of living. All Things New (Revelation 2. T. V. Philip. The biblical message is that in the midst of all fearful events of our day, God is opening up a new future for us. He has given us this hope in Jesus Christ. The book of Revelation is about this hope - - the hope for the future which God is bringing about. Altar Call (Psalm 5. Fred B. Craddock. Psalm 5. 1 is one of the seven classic penitential psalms used on occasions of confessing sin. Sin is acknowledged with frequent repetition for intensification of feeling; petition is made for divine favor; a vow to God is made; worshipers affirm what really matters between them and God. Amateurs and Rookies (Is. Cor. 1. 5: 1- 1. 1; Lk. Frederick Niedner. The Galilean fishermen learned how to become fishers of men, even though they - - like us - - were amateurs. An Invitation (Phil. Judith Johnson- Siebold. When we are Christians in name only, we are invited to the wedding feast but we do not attend. Thess. 2. 1: 2. 5- 3. John C. Morris. We have been given a foretaste of the righteousness and justice promised by Jeremiah, and we have some experience of the holiness and abounding love described by Paul. Anxious Moments (Matthew 1. Romans 7: 1. 5- 2. Verity A. Jones. We are anxious about many things: having enough money, having good enough health, being secure and safe. Cor. 1. 3: 2. 4- 3. Kathleen Norris. The 1 Corinthians reference mirrors the thoughts of Isaiah as does Paul when he addresses what it means to be God. I Cor. 1. 12: 1- 1. Matt. 5: 1. 3- 2. Mitchell Hay. A reflection prompted by viewing the movie, The Apostle, and a visit from a traveling missionary. Are We There Yet? Felipe N. Martinez. The route from suffering to hope can be a very winding road, but fellow travelers along that road can give the lost traveler direction. Arguing with Paul (2 Corinthians 5: 6- 1. Michael A. King. The author confesses he doesn. All she has is her willingness to shield her babies with her own body. If the fox wants them, he will have to kill her first. As Good as Dead (Rom. Matt. 9: 9- 1. 3, 1. Felipe N. Martinez. The Spirit gives us the peace to withstand the pain, loss and ridicule we will encounter on the way to discovering new life after being as good as dead. At Ground Zero (James 5: 1. Stephen Paul Bouman. The author writes of those dying in traumatic moments and how their struggle with their illnesses is also a struggle of faith. At Home in God (Acts 2: 4. Ps. 2. 3; I Pet. 2: l. John l. 0: 1- 1. 0) by Susan R. Andrews. The author reminds us that we have a home in God and that God abides also in us. At Table With the Saints (I John 3: 1- 3) by Bruce Modahl. Going to church makes a difference in how we live and in how we die. Back to Life (John 1. Suzanne Guthrie. Jesus. Ps. 9: 1- 4. 1) by Frederick Niedner. In the story of the blind man, John tells us the allegory that with completely good eyes, we can. Judith Johnson- Siebold. Jesus may have been making the point that nothing belongs to Caesar. In the conflict between the secular and the religious, how liberating it is to say, . More description than instruction, more report than directive, they compose a litany in which all promises point to the same reality. Be Watchful (Mark 1. T. V. Philip. That Christ will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead is an article of our faith. Unfortunately, the mainline churches have left it to the sectarian groups to teach and preach on the second coming. Begging to Give (2 Cor. Heiko A. Oberman. All families need access to adequate housing, a healthy diet, good education and security. But for huge numbers of people, those kinds of needs are fantasy. The answer just might lie in churches that are begging - - begging for the privilege of standing with those in need and applying a holistic gospel to the systems that deprive people of their dignity. Beside the Lord (Prov. Joseph M. Mcshane, S. J. Trinitarian images ground Christian faith, love and hope by providing for the experiences of separation and distance in Christian life, while insisting on a unity with God that transcends all temporal and spatial boundaries. Between the Lines (Prov. Ps. 1. 6: 1. 2- 1. Peter S. Hawkins. Preachers seem to feel the need to explain the Trinity. Hunter. Jesus. Anderson. What are our blind spots, what corners of the church and of society need serious reformation in the 2. What do we allow to go unchallenged today that will one day cause our grandchildren to shake their heads at how blind we were to the gospel? Blinded by the Light(John 1. Suzanne Guthrie. In the season of Ascension we are asked to behold a beauty that until now has been only inferred, conjectured, dreamed. Bloody Gospel (Matthew 2. Frederick Niedner. This article appeared in The Christian Century, March 1.
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Laminate flooring planks install with a tongue and groove system, so each plank has a tongued side and a grooved side. Place your first laminate flooring plank in the upper right corner of the wall. Place the grooved edge up against the corner of the wall. You may need to drill small holes to accompany finish nails then hammer finishing nails through the laminate flooring plank and into the wall to secure the first piece in place. If there’s a stud located behind that laminate flooring plank, hammer the finishing nails into the area where there’s a stud. If there’s no stud, hammer it anywhere on the plank to keep it in place until you reach an area where a stud’s available. Place the grooved edge on your second plank and place it around the tongue on your first plank. Snap the second floor plank down against the wall to secure it in place. If necessary, hammer one or two finishing nails through the laminate flooring and into the wall to hold it in place. 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Another (less accurate) way to test the moisture in a concrete slab is by taping an 1. If there is moisture under the plastic or it feels damp underneath, the slab has too high a moisture content to install a laminate floor. If the concrete slab is dry enough to install laminate flooring: Read and follow all instructions that came with your laminate flooring. Fill in any low spots in the slab with floor patch compound and allow the compound to set. Cover the concrete floor with a sheet of 6 mil plastic to act as a vapor barrier. Lay foam sheeting on top of the plastic, if recommended by the maker of your laminate flooring. Place the laminate flooring cartons in the room and allow the flooring to acclimate to the humidity in the room for 2- 4 days before installing. When installing the flooring, leave a 1/4” gap on all sides of the laminate floor to allow for expansion. Good luck with your project,Further Information. Can You Install Tile Over Vinyl Flooring? Cutting out a step when installing flooring is enormously helpful. You Can Assess Condition of Subfloor. Pulling off a layer allows you to assess the condition of layers below. Is the subfloor in good condition? Is there rot? In cases where the flooring is soft, tilted, or threatening to give way, you may even need to go all the way down to the joists to check the condition. You Avoid the Wedding- Cake Effect: Layering builds your floor's total height even higher. Your Vinyl Might Not Be Right For This. To install tile over vinyl, you need sheet vinyl flooring, not square tile or plank vinyl. Because sheet vinyl is one, continuous piece, you will get a higher quality installation without the ceramic tile on top shifting. With vinyl tile or plank, the possibility of shifting is too great. Second, you cannot tile over a cushioned vinyl floor, even if it's sheet vinyl. These floors go under brand- names such as Armstrong Cushion. Step, Flexitec, or Du. Pont Elevations. 4. Your Vinyl Might Not Be Installed Correctly. The vinyl flooring itself may not be installed in a manner that would allow ceramic tile to go on top. Check to see if only the edges of the vinyl floor have been attached to the sub- floor. Sometimes, nails, adhesive, or staples are the only attachment the vinyl has to the subfloor- -no adhesive in the middle. Tile, mortar, and grout bring significant added dead weight to your flooring system. If the floor is small enough and you do not mind getting on your knees, you do not need to rent a floor sander- -use your power hand- sander. Thoroughly wet- clean the tile. Option #2: Add Intervening Underlayment. While not strictly a tile- on- vinyl method, this does eliminate the need for removing the vinyl. Tile over the cement board as you normally would. What is Game Theory? What economists call game theory psychologists call the theory. Although game theory is relevant to parlor games such. There are two main branches of game theory. Noncooperative game theory. That is the branch of. I will discuss here. What economists call game theory psychologists call the theory of social situations, which is an accurate description of what game theory is about. Although game. Adams' Equity Theory on job motivation and free diagram, plus more free online training materials. In addition to game theory, economic theory has three other. The focus is on. preferences and the formation of beliefs. The most widely used form of. Decision theory. is often used in the form of decision analysis, which shows how best to. It is widely used in the macroeconomic analysis of broad. In recent years, political economy has emerged as a combination. Issues studied include tax policy, trade policy, and the role. European Union. Questions addressed by. An. One way to describe a game is by listing the players (or. Any time we have a situation with two or more players that involves known payouts or quantifiable consequences, we can use game theory to help determine the most. This is page i Printer: Opaque this Game Theory (W4210) Course Notes Macartan Humphreys September 2005. Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." Game theory is mainly used in economics. Game Theory. This article sketches the basic concepts of the theory of games in order to discuss some of their philosophical implications and problems. Finite mathematics utility: game theory tool. Here is a little on-line Javascript utility for game theory (up to five strategies for the row and column player). Cooperative Game Theory Cooperative games are often de A model of optimality taking into consideration not only benefits less costs, but also the interaction between participants. Game theory attempts to look at the. In the case of a two- player game, the actions of the first. The entries in the matrix are two numbers representing the. A very. famous game is the Prisoner's Dilemma game. In this game the two. The game can be represented by the following. Note that higher numbers are better (more utility). If neither. suspect confesses, they go free, and split the proceeds of their crime. However, if. one prisoner confesses and the other does not, the prisoner who. If both prisoners confess. This game has fascinated game theorists for a variety of. First, it is a simple representation of a variety of important. For example, instead of confess/not confess we could label. An example is the construction of a bridge. It is best. for everyone if the bridge is built, but best for each individual if. This is sometimes refered to in. Similarly this game could describe the. No matter what a suspect. If. the partner in the other cell is not confessing, it is possible to get. If the partner in the other cell is confessing, it is. Yet the pursuit of individually. This conflict between the pursuit of individual goals and. A third feature of this game is that it changes in a very. Suppose for example that. In this case in the first period the suspects may reason. Strictly speaking, this conclusion is. However, repetition opens up. If. Some. of the power and meaning of game theory can be illustrated by assessing. Or you may. recognize that as a matter of logic this involves the fallacy of. Game theory can give precise meaning to. In fact the statement is false, and. Prisoner's Dilemma. Let us start with a variation on the Prisoner's Dilemma game we may call the Pride Game. The Pride Game is like the Prisoner's Dilemma game with the addition of the new. A proud individual is one who will not confess. In. other words, if I stand proud and you confess, I get 1. I can stand proud before your humiliation, but you get 0, because you stand humiliated. On the other hand, if we are both proud, then neither. It would be worse. In this case, I would get 3. The Pride Game is very different than the Prisoner's. Dilemma game. Suppose that we are both proud. In the face of your. I simply chose not to confess I would lose face, and my. To confess would be even worse as. I would be humiliated as well. In other words, if we are both proud, and we each. This type of situation - . Nash Equilibrium. Notice. that the original equilibrium of the Prisoner's Dilemma confess- confess. Pride game: if I think you are going. I would prefer to stand proud and humiliate you rather than. Now. suppose that we become . Specifically, let us imagine that. I am more generous and care more about you, I place a value. I receive in the . Not being completely altruistic, I. I do on yours. So, for. I get 3 units of utility, and you get. I am an altruist, I. I get 2/3 of the. Overall I get 4 units of utility instead of 3. Because I have. become a better more generous person, I am happy that you are getting 6. The new game with altruistic. This gives the payoff matrix of the Altruistic Pride Gameproudnot confessconfessproud. What. happens? If you are proud, I should choose not to confess: if I were to. I get a utility of 4, while if I choose not to confess I get. I do confess I get only 0. Looking at the. original game, it would be better for society at large if when you are. I were to choose not to confess. This avoids the confrontation of. However, as an. altruist, I recognize that the cost to me is small (I lose only. I prefer to ? If. I get 4. 8, if I choose not to confess I get 5, but if I. I get 5. 3. 3. So I should confess. Again, this is marked with an. Finally, if you confess, then I no longer wish to stand. If I choose not to confess I get only 0. So it. is best for me to. What do we conclude? It is no longer an. Each of us in the face of the. Of course it is. also not an equilibrium for us both to choose not to confess: each of. The only equilibrium is the box. So. far from making us better off, when we both become more altruist and. Notice how we can. It is true that if we. However: if we become more caring we will wish to. As this example shows, when we both try to do. To. put this in the context of day- to- day life: if we were all more. The behavior of criminals has a complication. More altruistic. criminals would choose to commit fewer crimes. However, as crime is not. If. in the balance more crimes are committed, the world could certainly be. The example shows how this might work. For. those of you who are interested in or already know more advanced game. Pride Game has only the one Nash equilibrium shown - it is. The Atruistic Pride Game, however, has. You can compute them using the fine. Gambit. written by Richard Mc. Kelvey, Andrew Mc. Lennan and Theodore Turocy. One. equilibrium involves randomizing between proud and confess, so is worse. Pride game. The other is. The. payoffs to that equilibrium gives each player 2. Pride Game. I'd. like to thank Jie Zheng for his help. They provide a much more. If you wish to learn more about game theory, there a variety. Game theory - Wikipedia. Game theory is . Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed- strategy equilibria in two- person zero- sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used the Brouwer fixed- point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co- written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision- making under uncertainty. This theory was developed extensively in the 1. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. With the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole in 2. Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. History. The first known discussion of game theory occurred in a letter written by Charles Waldegrave, an active Jacobite, and uncle to James Waldegrave, a British diplomat, in 1. James Madison made what we now recognize as a game- theoretic analysis of the ways states can be expected to behave under different systems of taxation. It proved that the optimal chess strategy is strictly determined. This paved the way for more general theorems. Borel conjectured that non- existence of mixed- strategy equilibria in two- person zero- sum games would occur, a conjecture that was proved false. Game theory did not really exist as a unique field until John von Neumann published a paper in 1. His paper was followed by his 1. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior co- authored with Oskar Morgenstern. Von Neumann's work in game theory culminated in this 1. This foundational work contains the method for finding mutually consistent solutions for two- person zero- sum games. During the following time period, work on game theory was primarily focused on cooperative game theory, which analyzes optimal strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can enforce agreements between them about proper strategies. Flood and Melvin Dresher, as part of the RAND Corporation's investigations into game theory. RAND pursued the studies because of possible applications to global nuclear strategy. Nash proved that every n- player, non- zero- sum (not just 2- player zero- sum) non- cooperative game has what is now known as a Nash equilibrium. Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1. Shapley value were developed. In addition, the first applications of game theory to philosophy and political science occurred during this time. Prize- winning achievements. In 1. 96. 7, John Harsanyi developed the concepts of complete information and Bayesian games. Nash, Selten and Harsanyi became Economics Nobel Laureates in 1. In the 1. 97. 0s, game theory was extensively applied in biology, largely as a result of the work of John Maynard Smith and his evolutionarily stable strategy. In addition, the concepts of correlated equilibrium, trembling hand perfection, and common knowledge. Schelling worked on dynamic models, early examples of evolutionary game theory. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing an equilibrium coarsening, correlated equilibrium, and developing an extensive formal analysis of the assumption of common knowledge and of its consequences. In 2. 00. 7, Leonid Hurwicz, together with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics . Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics . A game is non- cooperative if players cannot form alliances or if all agreements need to be self- enforcing (e. It is opposed to the traditional non- cooperative game theory which focuses on predicting individual players' actions and payoffs and analyzing Nash equilibria. As non- cooperative game theory is more general, cooperative games can be analyzed through the approach of non- cooperative game theory (the converse does not hold) provided that sufficient assumptions are made to encompass all the possible strategies available to players due to the possibility of external enforcement of cooperation. While it would thus be optimal to have all games expressed under a non- cooperative framework, in many instances insufficient information is available to accurately model the formal procedures available to the players during the strategic bargaining process, or the resulting model would be of too high complexity to offer a practical tool in the real world. In such cases, cooperative game theory provides a simplified approach that allows to analyze the game at large without having to make any assumption about bargaining powers. Symmetric / Asymmetric. If the identities of the players can be changed without changing the payoff to the strategies, then a game is symmetric. Many of the commonly studied 2. The standard representations of chicken, the prisoner's dilemma, and the stag hunt are all symmetric games. However, the most common payoffs for each of these games are symmetric. Most commonly studied asymmetric games are games where there are not identical strategy sets for both players. For instance, the ultimatum game and similarly the dictator game have different strategies for each player. It is possible, however, for a game to have identical strategies for both players, yet be asymmetric. For example, the game pictured to the right is asymmetric despite having identical strategy sets for both players. Zero- sum / Non- zero- sum. In zero- sum games the total benefit to all players in the game, for every combination of strategies, always adds to zero (more informally, a player benefits only at the equal expense of others). Other zero- sum games include matching pennies and most classical board games including Go and chess. Many games studied by game theorists (including the famed prisoner's dilemma) are non- zero- sum games, because the outcome has net results greater or less than zero. Informally, in non- zero- sum games, a gain by one player does not necessarily correspond with a loss by another. Constant- sum games correspond to activities like theft and gambling, but not to the fundamental economic situation in which there are potential gains from trade. It is possible to transform any game into a (possibly asymmetric) zero- sum game by adding a dummy player (often called . Sequential games (or dynamic games) are games where later players have some knowledge about earlier actions. This need not be perfect information about every action of earlier players; it might be very little knowledge. For instance, a player may know that an earlier player did not perform one particular action, while he does not know which of the other available actions the first player actually performed. The difference between simultaneous and sequential games is captured in the different representations discussed above. Often, normal form is used to represent simultaneous games, while extensive form is used to represent sequential ones. The transformation of extensive to normal form is one way, meaning that multiple extensive form games correspond to the same normal form. Consequently, notions of equilibrium for simultaneous games are insufficient for reasoning about sequential games; see subgame perfection. In short, the differences between sequential and simultaneous games are as follows: Perfect information and imperfect information. A game is one of perfect information if, in extensive form, all players know the moves previously made by all other players. Simultaneous games can not be games of perfect information, because the conversion to extensive form converts simultaneous moves into a sequence of moves with earlier moves being unknown. Most games studied in game theory are imperfect- information games. Interesting examples of perfect- information games include the ultimatum game and centipede game. Recreational games of perfect information games include chess and checkers. Many card games are games of imperfect information, such as poker or contract bridge. Complete information requires that every player know the strategies and payoffs available to the other players but not necessarily the actions taken. Games of incomplete information can be reduced, however, to games of imperfect information by introducing . Examples include chess and go. Games that involve imperfect or incomplete information may also have a strong combinatorial character, for instance backgammon. There is no unified theory addressing combinatorial elements in games. There are, however, mathematical tools that can solve particular problems and answer general questions. These methods address games with higher combinatorial complexity than those usually considered in traditional (or . A related field of study, drawing from computational complexity theory, is game complexity, which is concerned with estimating the computational difficulty of finding optimal strategies. The practical solutions involve computational heuristics, like alpha- beta pruning or use of artificial neural networks trained by reinforcement learning, which make games more tractable in computing practice. Pure mathematicians are not so constrained, and set theorists in particular study games that last for infinitely many moves, with the winner (or other payoff) not known until after all those moves are completed. The focus of attention is usually not so much on the best way to play such a game, but whether one player has a winning strategy. Many concepts can be extended, however. Continuous games allow players to choose a strategy from a continuous strategy set. Simon's Town (often incorrectly spelt as "Simonstown") is located at the east side (False Bay side) of the Cape Peninsula near Cape Town, South Africa and is. Italian restaurant in Little Italy, Baltimore. Chiapparelli's Restaurant in Baltimore's Little Italy. Sip on a cocktail, wink & clink your way on the deck. Sit at the edge of the continent. Breathe it in. This is the Bungalow in Cliffton and you are invited. 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At a recent press conference with Vladimir Putin, Macron bluntly said that, “Russia Today and Sputnik were agents of influence and propaganda that spread falsehoods about me and my campaign.”Western countries that might best be described as aspiring democracies are also highly critical of RT. The United States, for example, has railed against RT’s tactics during the 2. But despite RT’s spread of propaganda in the US, American intelligence agencies haven’t exactly made a compelling case that RT swung the election any more than the news outlet that actually got Trump elected: Fox News. Nonetheless, the Moscow Times offers a fascinating look at the Russian propaganda machine. Some tidbits from the article: “Who poses the greatest nuclear threat?”The renaming . No expense was spared in positioning the channel as an alternative to mainstream media. In 2. 00. 9, an advertising campaign created by international PR firm Mc. Cann Erickson contrasted former U. S. President Barack Obama and then- Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad with the question: “Who poses the greatest nuclear threat?”Fear and paranoia. Problems within RT have remained unreported largely because employees are nervous about talking with journalists. The Moscow Times approached a large number of current and former staff members. Most of them declined to comment in any capacity, citing non- disclosure agreements. Almost all of them described a sense of fear and paranoia when it comes to discussing RT outside of work. Just looking for a job. According to TMT sources, most of the Russian staff are apathetic or apolitical, with no prior experience in journalism. Often they are linguists by training, or the “children of Russian diplomats” with fluent English. Besides leftist Westerners, who view RT as a platform to push anti- establishment views, RT has also recruited long- time apolitical expats “looking to leave English- teaching jobs.” There are also, of course, some foreigners who could be described as “true believers” in RT’s pro- Russia mission. Shooting itself in the foot“Our attempt to change RT, to make it more professional and objective, would likely have just made it a more effective propaganda medium,” the source said. Once you’re able to login on the router page web UI, you can now control everything you want on your Pocket Wifi. You can put a password, change the SSID and even.
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